<a href="mailto:[email protected]?subject=Revision:%20Concepts/Fragging%20-%2020260302211848" style="border:1px solid #555; padding:4px 12px; border-radius:4px; color:#a89ee8; text-decoration:none; font-size:0.9em; background-color:#2a2a2a;">📩 Submit a Revision/Addition</a> ![[ssstik.io_@razorbladecactus_1772424201541.mp4]] **Fragging** is the deliberate or attempted killing of a soldier, usually a superior, by a fellow soldier. [U.S. military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._military "U.S. military") personnel coined the word during the [Vietnam War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"), when such killings were most often committed or attempted with a [fragmentation grenade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragmentation_grenade "Fragmentation grenade"),[^2] to make it appear that the killing was accidental or during combat with the enemy. The term fragging now encompasses any deliberate killing of military colleagues.[^3] [^4]  M26 "fragmentation" grenade, issued to the U.S. Army and U.S. Marines in the Vietnam War, used in many fragging incidents. 1 The high number of fragging incidents in the latter years of the Vietnam War was symptomatic of discontent that existed among some military personnel and of a breakdown of discipline in parts of the U.S. Armed Forces. Documented and suspected fragging incidents using explosives totaled 904 from 1969 to 1972, although this number is considered an underestimation. In addition hundreds of fragging incidents using firearms took place, but were hard to quantify as they were indistinguishable from combat deaths and poorly documented.[^5] Fragging is distinct from the unintentional killing and/or wounding of comrades and/or allied personnel; such incidents are referred to as [friendly fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire "Friendly fire"). Soldiers have killed colleagues since the beginning of armed conflict, with many documented instances throughout history. However, the practice of fragging seems to have been relatively uncommon in the U.S. military until the Vietnam War. The prevalence of fragging was partially based on the ready availability of explosive weapons such as fragmentation hand grenades. Grenades were untraceable to an owner and left no ballistic evidence. [M18 Claymore mines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M18_Claymore_mine "M18 Claymore mine") and other explosives were also occasionally used in fragging, as were firearms, although the term, as defined by the military during the Vietnam War, initially applied only to the use of explosives to kill fellow soldiers.[^5]^{<span title="Page / location: 1, 19">: 1, 19 </span>}  [^6] Most fragging incidents were in the [Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") and [Marine Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps"). Fragging was rare among [Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") and [Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force") personnel, who had less access to grenades and weapons than did soldiers and Marines.[^5]^{<span title="Page / location: 30–31">: 30–31 </span>}  The first known incidents of fragging in South Vietnam took place in 1966, but events in 1968 appear to have catalyzed an increase in fragging. After the [Tet Offensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive "Tet Offensive") in January and February 1968, the Vietnam War became increasingly unpopular in the United States and among American soldiers in Vietnam, many of them [conscripts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription "Conscription"). Secondly, racial tensions between white and black soldiers and marines increased after the [assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr. "Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.") in April 1968.[^5]^{<span title="Page / location: 19–21">: 19–21 </span>}  With troops reluctant to risk their lives in what was perceived as a lost war, fragging was seen by some enlisted men "as the most effective way to discourage their superiors from showing enthusiasm for combat".[^6]  G.I. movement veterans protesting the Vietnam War. Toward the end of the war, morale plummeted among soldiers and marines. In 1971, a USMC colonel declared in the *[Armed Forces Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Journal "Armed Forces Journal")* that "The morale, discipline, and battle worthiness of the U.S. Armed Forces are, with a few salient exceptions, lower and worse than at any time in this century and possibly in the history of the United States." [^7] [^8] The U.S. military reflected social problems and issues in the U.S. such as racism, drug abuse, and resentment toward authoritarian leaders. As the U.S. began to withdraw its military forces from Vietnam, some American enlisted men and young officers lost their sense of purpose for being in Vietnam, and the hierarchical relationship between enlisted men and their officers deteriorated. The resentment directed from enlisted men toward older officers was exacerbated by generational gaps, as well as different perceptions of how the military should conduct itself. Enforcement of military regulations, especially if done overzealously, led to complaints and sometimes threats of physical violence directed toward officers.[^5] A number of additional factors may have influenced the incidence of fragging. The demand for manpower for the war in Vietnam caused the armed forces to lower their standards for inducting both officers and enlisted men. The rapid rotation of personnel, especially of officers who served (on average) less than six months in command roles, decreased the stability and cohesion of military units. Most important of all, perhaps, was the loss of purpose in fighting the war, as it became apparent to all that the United States was withdrawing from the war without having achieved any sort of victory. Increasing disillusionment led to a further deterioration of morale and discipline. [^5]^{<span title="Page / location: 12–18">: 12–18 </span>}  Most fragging was perpetrated by enlisted men against officers. Enlisted men, in the words of one company commander, "feared they would get stuck with a lieutenant or platoon sergeant who would want to carry out all kinds of crazy [John Wayne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne "John Wayne") tactics, who would use their lives in an effort to win the war single-handedly, win the big medal, and get his picture in the hometown paper".[^5]^{<span title="Page / location: 84–85">: 84–85 </span>}  Harassment of subordinates by a superior was another frequent motive. The stereotypical fragging incident was of "an aggressive career officer being assaulted by disillusioned subordinates". Several fragging incidents resulted from alleged racism between black and white soldiers. Attempts by officers to control drug use caused others. Most known fragging incidents were carried out by soldiers in support units rather than soldiers in combat units.[^5]^{<span title="Page / location: 61–122">: 61–122 </span>}  Soldiers sometimes used non-lethal smoke and tear-gas grenades to warn superiors that they were in more serious danger if they did not change their behavior. A few instances occurred—and many more were rumored—in which enlisted men pooled their money for "bounties" on particular officers or non-commissioned officers to reward soldiers for fragging them.[^5]^{<span title="Page / location: 25, 37–42">: 25, 37–42 </span>}  <table align="right"><caption>Known U.S. fragging incidents using explosives in Vietnam ^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#fn:5">5</a>}^{<span>: 45, 47, 57 </span>} ^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#fn:9">9</a>}^{<span>: 156 </span>}</caption><tbody><tr><th></th><th>1969</th><th>1970</th><th>1971</th><th>1972</th></tr><tr><th>Army</th><td>96</td><td>209</td><td>222</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><th>Marine Corps</th><td>30+</td><td>50+</td><td>30+</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><th>Suspected</th><td>30</td><td>62</td><td>111</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><th>Total</th><td>156+</td><td>321+</td><td>363+</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><th>Deaths</th><td>46</td><td>38</td><td>12</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5">Note: Statistics were not kept before 1969.</td></tr></tbody></table> According to author George Lepre, the total number of known and suspected fragging cases using explosives in Vietnam from 1969 to 1972 totalled 904, with 99 deaths and many injuries. This total is incomplete, as some cases were not reported, nor were statistics kept before 1969 (although several incidents from 1966 to 1968 are known). Most of the victims or intended victims were [officers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_\(armed_forces\) "Officer (armed forces)") or non-commissioned officers. The number of fraggings increased in 1970 and 1971 even though the U.S. military was withdrawing and the number of U.S. military personnel in Vietnam was declining.[^5]^{<span title="Page / location: 44–47">: 44–47 </span>}  [^9]^{<span title="Page / location: 155">: 155 </span>}  An earlier calculation by authors Richard A. Gabriel and Paul L. Savage, estimated that up to 1,017 fragging incidents may have taken place in Vietnam, causing 86 deaths and 714 injuries of U.S. military personnel, the majority officers and NCOs.[^10] By the end of the war, at least 450 officers were killed in fraggings; the U.S. military reported at least 600 U.S. soldiers killed in fragging incidents with another 1,400 dying under mysterious circumstances.[^11] [^12] Fragging statistics include only incidents involving explosives, most commonly grenades. Several hundred murders of U.S. soldiers by firearms occurred in Vietnam but most were of enlisted men killing other enlisted men of nearly equal rank. Fewer than ten officers are known to have been murdered by firearms. However, rumors and claims abound of the deliberate killing of officers and non-commissioned officers by enlisted men under battlefield conditions. The frequency and number of these fraggings, indistinguishable from combat deaths, cannot be quantified.[^5]^{<span title="Page / location: 26, 220–221">: 26, 220–221 </span>}  The U.S. military's responses to fragging incidents included greater restrictions on access to weapons, especially grenades, for soldiers in non-combat units and post-fragging " [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockdown "Lockdown") " in which a whole unit was isolated until after an investigation. For example, in May 1971, the U.S. Army in Vietnam temporarily halted the issuance of grenades to nearly all units and soldiers in Vietnam, inventoried stocks of weapons, and searched soldiers' quarters, confiscating weapons, ammunition, grenades, and knives. This, however, failed to reduce fragging incidents as soldiers could easily obtain weapons in a flourishing black market among nearby Vietnamese communities. The U.S. military also attempted to diminish adverse publicity concerning fragging and the security measures it was taking to reduce it.[^5]^{<span title="Page / location: 128–142">: 128–142 </span>}  Only a few fraggers were identified and prosecuted. It was often difficult to distinguish between fragging and enemy action. A grenade thrown into a foxhole or tent could be a fragging, or the action of an enemy infiltrator or saboteur. Enlisted men were often close-mouthed in fragging investigations, refusing to inform on their colleagues out of fear or solidarity. Sentences for fragging convictions were severe—but the few men convicted often served fairly brief prison sentences. Ten fraggers were convicted of murder and served sentences from ten months to forty years with a mean (average) prison time of about nine years.[^5]^{<span title="Page / location: 140–141, 181–182, 229">: 140–141, 181–182, 229 </span>}  In the Vietnam War, the threat of fragging caused many officers and NCOs to go armed in rear areas and to change their sleeping arrangements as fragging often consisted of throwing a grenade into a tent where the target was sleeping. For fear of being fragged, some leaders turned a blind eye to drug use and other indiscipline among the men in their charge. Fragging, the threat of fragging, and investigations of fragging sometimes disrupted or delayed tactical combat operations. Officers were sometimes forced to negotiate with their enlisted men to obtain their consent before undertaking dangerous patrols.[^5]^{<span title="Page / location: 175–176">: 175–176 </span>}  The breakdown of discipline, including fragging, was an important influence on the U.S. change to an all-volunteer military in place of conscription. The last conscript was inducted into the army in 1973.[^13] [^14] The volunteer military moderated some of the coercive methods of discipline previously used to maintain order in military ranks.[^5]^{<span title="Page / location: 183">: 183 </span>}  During the [war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_\(2001%E2%80%932021\) "War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)") hundreds of [coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force "International Security Assistance Force") soldiers were intentionally killed by [Islamic Republic of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan") forces. Increases in insider attacks against coalition forces were noted after high-profile provocations such as the [2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Afghanistan_Quran_burning_protests "2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests") and the [Kandahar massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_massacre "Kandahar massacre").[^15] [^16] In 2012, according to [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO "NATO"), 51 coalition service members died due to the deliberate actions by members of the Afghan forces. Another 65 NATO soldiers were killed in insider attacks between 2007 and 2011.[^17] The increase in so-called "green-on-blue attacks" prompted U.S. officials to revamp the screening process of potential Afghan recruits as Afghan military leadership identified "hundreds" of Afghan soldiers within their ranks who were linked to the [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban "Taliban") insurgency or harbored [anti-American views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Americanism "Anti-Americanism").[^18] [^19] [^20] Most of the attackers in these incidents were members of the special [Afghan Local Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Local_Police "Afghan Local Police") (ALP) units, who operated as a local tribal force and were known to have ties to the Taliban.[^21] [^22] They were also known to use drugs and were sometimes reported for abusing civilians.[^23] The *[Long War Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_War_Journal "Long War Journal")* reported on such attacks, counting 155 since 2008 to June 11, 2017, resulting in 152 Coalition dead and 193 wounded.[^24] [ANA fighters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Army "Afghan National Army") sometimes fled to the Taliban, which posted videos 'welcoming' the fleeing fighters. NATO commanders initially stated that an estimated 90% of the attacks were due to cultural differences and personal enmity, while the Afghan government disagreed and blamed the problem on "infiltration by foreign spy agencies", including those of "neighboring countries".[^24] To reduce insider attacks, joint operations between U.S. and Afghan forces were reduced and coalition soldiers were reminded to be respectful.[^15] - 1704: [Battle of Blenheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blenheim "Battle of Blenheim"): An unpopular [major](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_\(United_Kingdom\) "Major (United Kingdom)") in [Sir William Clifton's Regiment of Foot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Yorkshire_Regiment "East Yorkshire Regiment") of the [English Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Army "English Army") was shot in the head by his own men after the battle had been won.[^25] - 1718: [Charles XII of Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden "Charles XII of Sweden") was shot and killed during the siege of [Halden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halden "Halden"); the shot was possibly fired by one of his own soldiers.[^26] - [Jacobite rising of 1745](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745 "Jacobite rising of 1745"): On 31 August 1746, Captain [George Munro, 1st of Culcairn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Munro,_1st_of_Culcairn "George Munro, 1st of Culcairn"), who was leading raids into [Lochaber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochaber "Lochaber") in the aftermath of the [Battle of Culloden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden "Battle of Culloden"), was shot dead by a concealed gunman along [Loch Arkaig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Arkaig "Loch Arkaig") in [Clan Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Cameron "Clan Cameron") country. Even though other suspects within Clan Cameron have been named, underground [Roman Catholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland "Catholic Church in Scotland") Bishop [John Geddes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Geddes_\(bishop\) "John Geddes (bishop)") believed Captain Munro's death to have been a deliberate fragging by a disgruntled subordinate, whom Munro had recently had [flogged](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flogging "Flogging").[^27] - 1777: [Battles of Saratoga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga "Battles of Saratoga"): Lieutenant-Colonel [Heinrich von Breymann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Breymann "Heinrich von Breymann"), who led [Brunswick troops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_troops_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War "Brunswick troops in the American Revolutionary War") in the conflict, was so disgusted with the performance of his men during the battle that he began attacking them with his sabre; one of his men, after being injured, pulled out a pistol and shot von Breymann dead.[^28] - 1798: After [Revolutionary France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic "French First Republic") [invaded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland "French invasion of Switzerland") [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy "Old Swiss Confederacy"), [Karl Ludwig von Erlach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Erlach "Karl Ludwig von Erlach") was appointed supreme commander of the Swiss Army by the Confederation's War Council. After the French victory at [Battle of Grauholz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grauholz "Battle of Grauholz"), Erlach was murdered by his troops, who mistakenly believed he was a [traitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason "Treason"). - 1815: [Battle of Quatre Bras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras "Battle of Quatre Bras"): The colonel of the [92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_\(Gordon_Highlanders\)_Regiment_of_Foot "92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot"), John Cameron of [Fassfern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassfern "Fassfern"), was shot dead by one of the regiment's soldiers whom he had recently [flogged](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellation "Flagellation").[^25] - 1847: [Mexican–American War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War "Mexican–American War"): Lieutenant Colonel [Braxton Bragg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braxton_Bragg "Braxton Bragg") (later a Confederate general) survived two attempts on his life: in each case, an artillery shell exploded under his bed.[^29] - 1894: [Battle of the Yalu River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yalu_River_\(1894\) "Battle of Yalu River (1894)"): Qing Admiral [Ding Ruchang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Ruchang "Ding Ruchang") 's legs were crushed, either due to a construction defect or the deliberate misfiring of his ship's main battery by the ship's captain.[^30] - February 27, 1984: A Japan Ground Self-Defense soldier [went on a shooting spree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_JSDF_Yamaguchi_training_ground_shooting_incident "1984 JSDF Yamaguchi training ground shooting incident") by firing on his squadron on the target shooting range at [Camp Yamaguchi](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3%E9%A7%90%E5%B1%AF%E5%9C%B0 "ja:山口駐屯地"): one was killed and three injured. [^31] [^32] - July 6, 1999: U.S. Army soldier [Barry Winchell was beaten to death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Barry_Winchell "Murder of Barry Winchell") with a baseball bat while he slept outside of his barracks by Calvin Glover for dating a [transgender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender "Transgender") woman.[^33] - November 5, 2009: U.S. Army major and psychiatrist [Nidal Hasan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidal_Hasan "Nidal Hasan") went on a [shooting spree at Fort Hood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Fort_Hood_shooting "2009 Fort Hood shooting") that led to the deaths of 13 fellow soldiers and 32 being injured, before being shot and paralyzed from the waist down. On August 23, 2013, he was convicted of 13 counts of premeditated murder and 32 counts of attempted premeditated murder, and was sentenced to death on August 28, 2013.[^34] - May 28, 2012: A Kazakh border guard took his rifle and [opened fire on his unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkankergen_massacre "Arkankergen massacre") at Kazakh-Chinese border, with 15 being shot dead.[^35] - September 16, 2013: U.S. Navy petty officer Aaron Alexis went on a [shooting spree at Washington Navy Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard_shooting "Washington Navy Yard shooting") using a [Remington Model 870](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Model_870 "Remington Model 870") shotgun and a [Beretta M9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beretta_M9 "Beretta M9") pistol, killing 12 people and injuring eight before being killed by a shot to the head from responding police officers.[^36] - November 4, 2016: A [Jordanian Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_Army "Jordanian Army") soldier stationed at the King Faisal Air Base in [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan "Jordan") opened fire on American soldiers attempting to enter a checkpoint. [The resulting shootout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Faisal_Air_Base_shooting "King Faisal Air Base shooting") led to the deaths of three American soldiers, and ended when another American soldier shot and critically wounded the Jordanian. The Jordanian was sentenced to life in prison.[^37] - October 25, 2019: A [Russian Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces "Russian Ground Forces") soldier gunned down eight people and injured two more during a [shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorny_shooting "Gorny shooting") at the Gorny military base.[^38] - October 15, 2022: Two Russian soldiers went on a [shooting spree at Soloti military base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soloti_military_training_ground_shooting "Soloti military training ground shooting") using automatic rifles; they killed 11 people and injured 15 more before being killed by return fire.[^39] [^40] - June 14, 2023: A [Japan Ground Self-Defense Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force "Japan Ground Self-Defense Force") soldier shot three people in an [ambush at the basic firing range in Gifu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Japan_military_facility_shooting "2023 Japan military facility shooting"); two were killed and one was wounded. [^41] - December 27, 1942: When Lieutenant Robert James Cobner directed Private David Cobb, who was on guard duty, to assist in the moving of the beds, Private Cobb refused and complained that he had already worked four hours longer than the other guards. Lieutenant Cobner then ordered Private Cobb to stand at attention while addressing an officer and to put his uniform into proper order. When he refused, Lieutenant Cobner ordered his arrest by the Sergeant of the Guard and directed him to hand over his rifle. Private Cobb then pointed his rifle at the Sergeant of the Guard, then shot and killed Lieutenant Cobner when he approached him. Since both were stationed in [Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain "Great Britain") at the time, Private Cobb was convicted of the premeditated murder of Lieutenant Cobner, sentenced to death, and executed by hanging at [Shepton Mallet Prison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepton_Mallet_Prison "Shepton Mallet Prison") on March 12, 1943. He was buried in [Oise-Aisne American Cemetery Plot E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise-Aisne_American_Cemetery_Plot_E "Oise-Aisne American Cemetery Plot E"). - March 5, 1944: Private Alex Flores Miranda had been arrested earlier that night for urinating in public. The constables testified that Private Miranda had been drinking. After threatening the officers, he was released the same night to his barracks. Inside the barracks, Private Miranda became afraid that Sergeant Thomas Evison, who was sleeping, would severely punish him for the offense. He approached Sergeant Evison, awakened him, and told him to stop snoring. Sergeant Evison ordered him to return to bed, then went back to sleep. Private Miranda then left the bunk, returned with a rifle, and shot Sergeant Evison in the head as he slept. Private Miranda was convicted of the premeditated murder of Sergeant Evison, sentenced to death, and executed by firing squad at Shepton Mallet Prison on May 30, 1944. He was buried in Oise-Aisne American Cemetery Plot E. In 1990, Private Miranda's remains were returned to the United States for reburial at Santa Ana Cemetery in [Santa Ana, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California "Santa Ana, California"). This came after a review of the case indicated that while his conviction was justified, racial bias had contributed to his death sentence.[^42] - November 18, 1944: An hour after Corporal Tommie Lee Garrett ordered Private George Green Jr. to clean up a spilled can of urine, Private Green pulled out his M1 Carbine rifle and shot and killed Garrett at the [United States Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") base in [Champigneulles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champigneulles "Champigneulles"), France. Private Green was convicted of the premeditated murder of Corporal Garrett, sentenced to death, and executed by hanging at Loire Disciplinary Training Center on May 15, 1945. He was buried in Oise-Aisne American Cemetery Plot E.[^43] - 1969: After the controversial U.S. casualties during the [Battle of Hamburger Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hamburger_Hill "Battle of Hamburger Hill"), the [G.I underground newspaper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GI_Underground_Press "GI Underground Press") "G.I Says" in Vietnam placed a $10,000 bounty on Colonel Weldon Honeycutt, leading to multiple unsuccessful fragging attempts against him.[^44] - April 21, 1969: A grenade was thrown into the company office of K Company, [9th Marines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Marine_Regiment "9th Marine Regiment"), at [Quảng Trị Combat Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B_Combat_Base "Quảng Trị Combat Base"), [RVN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam "South Vietnam"), with First Lieutenant Robert T. Rohweller dying of wounds he received in the explosion. Private Reginald F. Smith, who was apprehended after boasting about the killing to a colleague in formation while still having a grenade ring on his finger, pleaded guilty to the premeditated murder of Rohweller and was sentenced to 40 years' imprisonment; he was murdered by a fellow inmate in prison on July 25, 1982.[^5] [^45] [^46] - March 15, 1971: A grenade was tossed into an officer billet at [Bien Hoa Base Camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bien_Hoa_Base_Camp "Bien Hoa Base Camp"), with Lieutenants Thomas A. Dellwo and Richard E. Harlan of the [1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_\(United_States\) "1st Cavalry Division (United States)") being killed. Private Billy Dean Smith was charged with the murders of the officers but was [acquitted at a court-martial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Billy_Dean_Smith "Court-martial of Billy Dean Smith") in November 1972.[^5]^{<span title="Page / location: 89–93, 51–57">: 89–93, 51–57 </span>} - November 23, 1969: Following a night of heavy drinking within the [9th Battalion of the Royal Australian Regiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment "9th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment") at [Nui Dat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nui_Dat "Nui Dat"), South Vietnam, a grenade was rolled into the tent of sleeping Lieutenant Robert Thomas Convery: Convery was killed in the explosion. Private Peter Denzil "Pedro" Allen was convicted of Convery's murder, and served ten years and eight months of a life sentence in [Risdon Prison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risdon_Prison_Complex "Risdon Prison Complex").[^47] - December 25, 1970: Private Paul Raymond "Ramon" Ferriday took his SLR rifle and opened fire into the Sergeant's Mess of the [Royal Australian Army Service Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Army_Service_Corps "Royal Australian Army Service Corps") at Nui Dat, South Vietnam, following an all-day drinking session, with Sergeants Allan Brian Moss and Wallace James Galvin being shot dead and Sergeant Frederick Edwin Bowtell wounded. During his court-martial, an Army psychiatrist described Ferriday as having a "paranoid character" and being prone to fits of rage, despite witnesses describing him as being aware of his actions and giving details of previous threatening altercations.[^48] Ferriday was convicted on two counts of manslaughter and one count of assault with a weapon, and served eight years of a ten-year sentence in [Pentridge Prison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentridge_Prison "Pentridge Prison").[^49] - October 27, 1982: While serving at [Tebnine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebnine "Tebnine") with the [United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon "United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon"), [Irish Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Army "Irish Army") Private Michael McAleavey dropped into a combat stance at a checkpoint before opening fire with his [FN FAL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_FAL "FN FAL") [battle rifle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_rifle "Battle rifle"), with Corporal Gregory "Gary" Morrow, Private Thomas Murphy and Private Peter Burke being shot dead. McAleavey originally told [Irish Military Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_\(Ireland\) "Military Police Corps (Ireland)") investigators they had been killed in an ambush by Lebanese gunmen, but he ultimately confessed, claiming that he had "snapped" due to [dehydration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration "Dehydration") and [heat exhaustion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exhaustion "Heat exhaustion"). McAleavey was convicted of the murders at a [court-martial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial "Court-martial") and was sentenced to [life imprisonment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment "Life imprisonment"), being paroled in 2010.[^50] - May 9, 1992: During the reconstruction of a [Royal Ulster Constabulary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary "Royal Ulster Constabulary") (RUC) security base devastated just two days before by a [Provisional IRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army "Provisional Irish Republican Army") tractor bomb at [Fivemiletown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fivemiletown "Fivemiletown"), in [County Tyrone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tyrone "County Tyrone"),[^51] [^52] [^53] while soldiers from the First Battalion [Staffordshire Regiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_Regiment "Staffordshire Regiment") were providing a security detail to the workers, an eighteen-year-old private fired his [SA80](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA80 "SA80") rifle 14 times at the company's sergeant major in a frenzy, killing him in front of the rest of the platoon. The serviceman was eventually acquitted of the charge of murder in May 1993,[^54] [^55] but declared guilty of manslaughter, and given a two-year [suspended sentence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_sentence "Suspended sentence").[^56] There were allegations of previous [hazing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazing "Hazing") and bullying by the non-commissioned officer against his subordinate.[^56] - August 17, 2002: Following an altercation, [British Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army "British Army") Corporal John Gregory, who was drunk and under the influence of medication, shot dead [Royal Logistic Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Logistic_Corps "Royal Logistic Corps") Sergeant Robert Busuttil as he lay in a hammock during a barbecue at [Kabul International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_International_Airport "Kabul International Airport") before killing himself. Wiltshire coroner David Masters asked the British Army "to tighten its rules on alcohol and gun security".[^57] - January 20, 2012: An Afghan soldier opened fire on French soldiers, killing four and injuring fifteen, eight of whom were seriously wounded. He was subsequently arrested and confessed his motivation came from a [published video of American Marines urinating on dead Taliban fighters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_of_U.S._Marines_urinating_on_Taliban_fighters "Video of U.S. Marines urinating on Taliban fighters") and a published video of British soldiers abusing Afghan children.[^58] [^59] The incident led French president [Nicolas Sarkozy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy "Nicolas Sarkozy") to threaten to withdraw all [French forces in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_forces_in_Afghanistan "French forces in Afghanistan").[^60] - August 5, 2014: During a high-ranking coalition delegation speech at the [Marshal Fahim National Defense University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_Fahim_National_Defense_University "Marshal Fahim National Defense University"), an Afghan soldier opened fire on a crowd of 90 Coalition officials and soldiers, leading to the death of U.S. Major General [Harold J. Greene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_J._Greene "Harold J. Greene") and the wounding of 14 others, including [German Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Air_Force "German Air Force") officer [Michael Bartscher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bartscher "Michael Bartscher"). The soldier was killed by two Coalition soldiers at the scene, one Danish and the other American.[^61] [^62] - March 23, 2003: In [Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_City "Kuwait City"), Sergeant [Hasan Karim Akbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Karim_Akbar "Hasan Karim Akbar") cut power to his base and threw four hand grenades into three tents where fellow members of the [101st Airborne Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division "101st Airborne Division") were sleeping, before opening fire with his rifle as the personnel ran to take cover: Army Captain Christopher S. Seifert and Air Force Major Gregory L. Stone were killed and fourteen other soldiers wounded. Akbar was convicted at a court-martial at [Fort Bragg, North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bragg,_North_Carolina "Fort Bragg, North Carolina") on April 21, 2005, on two counts of premeditated murder and three counts of attempted premeditated murder, and was sentenced to death on April 28.[^63] [^64] - June 7, 2005: Captain Phillip Esposito and 1st Lieutenant Louis Allen were [both killed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_of_Phillip_Esposito_and_Louis_Allen "Deaths of Phillip Esposito and Louis Allen") after a [Claymore mine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M18_Claymore_mine "M18 Claymore mine") placed on Esposito's office window was detonated at [Forward Operating Base Danger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Operating_Base_Danger "Forward Operating Base Danger") in [Tikrit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikrit "Tikrit"), Iraq. The unit's supply sergeant was charged with the murders, but was acquitted at [court martial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial "Court-martial").[^65] - July 19, 2005: The [death of LaVena Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_LaVena_Johnson "Death of LaVena Johnson") is a suspected fragging incident: she was found dead with a broken nose, black eye, loose teeth, gunshot wound to the mouth, and burns from a [corrosive chemical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosive_substance "Corrosive substance") on her genitals. Additionally, bloody footprints were discovered outside of her living quarters. The U.S. Army ruled her death as a suicide, and denied claims by her father that she was raped and murdered. Christopher Grey, chief of public affairs for the [USACIDC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Criminal_Investigation_Command "United States Army Criminal Investigation Command"), accused people of spreading [misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation "Misinformation") on the internet that she was murdered.[^66] [^67] [^68] - 2008: Army sergeant Joseph Bozicevich killed two fellow soldiers: one of his victims was found shot seven times in the corner of the base's small communications station and another in the dirt outside with six bullets in his back. Several witnesses said they saw Bozicevich chasing one of them while firing at him and fired two shots while he stood directly over him. Witnesses also testified to hearing Bozicevich screaming "Kill me!" as he was pinned to the ground. In 2011 he was sentenced to life in prison.[^69] [^70] - May 11, 2009: Sergeant John Russell [opened fire on Camp Liberty with an M16A2 rifle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Liberty_killings "Camp Liberty killings") and shot dead five U.S. military personnel. Russell pleaded guilty to five counts of premeditated murder and was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.[^71] - September 7, 2010: An [Iraqi soldier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Ground_Forces "Iraqi Ground Forces") pulled out his weapon and opened fire on a group of U.S. soldiers after getting into an argument with one of them, leaving two dead and nine injured before the Iraqi was shot dead.[^72] - September 23, 2010: United States Army Spc. Neftaly Platero shot dead two of his roommates and injured another who he had arguments with in [Fallujah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallujah "Fallujah"). In June 2013 he was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.[^73] [^74] - June 12, 2011: An Iraqi soldier killed two U.S. soldiers and wounded a third after smuggling real bullets into a U.S. base training centre: he was immediately killed by U.S. soldiers managing the training event.[^75] - April 28, 2011: During a port visit to Southampton, Able Seaman Ryan Donovan abandoned his sentry post at the boarding ramp of the submarine [HMS *Astute*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Astute_\(S119\) "HMS Astute (S119)"), and entered the submarine's weapons locker: Donovan took an SA80 rifle and opened fire on CPOs David McCoy and Chris Brown after they confronted him. Donovan then forced his way into the control room, where he shot dead Lieutenant Commander Ian Molyneux and wounded Lt Cdr Christopher Hodge before being tackled to the deck by a visiting dignitary, city council leader [Royston Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royston_Smith "Royston Smith"), as he reloaded. Donovan pleaded guilty to Molyneux's murder and the attempted murders of Hodge, Brown, and McCoy, and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum of 25 years.[^76] [^77] - January 27, 2022: A Ukrainian conscript soldier named Artemiy Yuryovich Riabchuk, who was serving in [Ukraine's National Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_of_Ukraine "National Guard of Ukraine"), [opened fire in a machine factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Dnipro_shooting "2022 Dnipro shooting"), killing five fellow soldiers and wounding five others, before fleeing the scene: he was later arrested by police.[^78] On 23 April 2024, Ryabchuk was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison.[^79] - March 2022: According to an unverified Facebook post by a Ukrainian journalist published on March 23, after suffering heavy losses (in excess of close to half of their brigade) a group of Russian conscripts of the [37th Motor Rifle Brigade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Brigade "37th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade") reportedly attacked their commanding officer, Colonel Yuri Medvedev, running him over with a tank, crushing both his legs approximately 48 kilometres (30 mi) from Kyiv, during the [battle of Makariv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Makariv "Battle of Makariv"). An unnamed senior Western official said Medvedev later died of his injuries. The date of the incident is unknown but reports of the hospitalization of Medvedev appeared on March 11.[^80] [^81] - [Fratricide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fratricide "Fratricide") - [List of friendly fire incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_friendly_fire_incidents "List of friendly fire incidents") - [Mutiny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny "Mutiny") - [Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola_shooting "Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting") - *[United States v. Hasan K. Akbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Hasan_K._Akbar "United States v. Hasan K. Akbar")* [^1]: [Military historian examines Vietnam-era fragging cases— including details of many that may never be resolved](http://ttupress.org/docs/9780896727151PressRelease.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131226113837/http://ttupress.org/docs/9780896727151PressRelease.pdf) December 26, 2013, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Texas Tech University Press, May 16, 2001 [^2]: ["Frag"](https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/frag). *www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com*. Retrieved June 21, 2021. [^3]: William Darryl Henderson (1999). Chambers, John Whiteclay (ed.). [*The Oxford companion to American military history*](https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rzy_yNMKbcC&pg=PA279). Oxford University Press. p. 279. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-507198-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507198-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507198-6"). [^4]: William Darryl Henderson. ["Fragging | Encyclopedia.com"](https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/fragging). *www.encyclopedia.com*. [^5]: Lepre, George (2011). *Fragging: Why U.S. Soldiers Assaulted their Officers in Vietnam*. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press. [^6]: Brush, Peter (2010). ["The Hard Truth About Fragging"](http://www.historynet.com/the-hard-truth-about-fragging.htm). *Historynet*. Retrieved May 25, 2014. [^7]: Heinl, Jr., Col. Robert D. (1971), "The Collapse of the Armed Forces", *Armed Forces Journal*, June 7, 1971 [^8]: ["Robert Debs Heinl, Jr"](https://www.usni.org/people/robert-debs-heinl-jr). *[United States Naval Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute "United States Naval Institute")*. Retrieved August 11, 2022. [^9]: Levy, Guenter (1978). *America in Vietnam*. New York: Oxford University Press. [^10]: Gabriel, Richard A. and Savage, Paul L. (1978), *Crisis in Command*, New York: Hill & Wang, p. 183 [^11]: Zoroya, Gregg; Gomez, Alan (May 11, 2009). ["War-zone massacre an uncommon event"](https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2009-05-11-camp-liberty-shooting-sidebar_N.htm). *USA Today*. Retrieved August 31, 2021. [^12]: Wehrman, Jessica (June 12, 2011). ["'Fragging' attack on 101st Airborne echoes back to Vietnam"](https://www.southcoasttoday.com/story/news/nation-world/2003/03/24/fragging-attack-on-101st/50363165007/). *SouthCoastToday*. [^13]: ["Military draft system stopped"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rjoTAAAAIBAJ&pg=6104%2C3785258). *The Bulletin*. Bend, Ore. UPI. January 27, 1973. p. 1. [^14]: ["Military draft ended by Laird"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_6ojAAAAIBAJ&pg=5837%2C1959488). *The Times-News*. Hendersonville, NC. Associated Press. January 27, 1973. p. 1. [^15]: [Coll, Steve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll "Steve Coll") (2019). *Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan*. [Penguin Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Group "Penguin Group"). pp. 586– 624. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-14-313250-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-313250-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-14-313250-9"). [^16]: Kimball, Jack (March 26, 2012). ["Three foreign soldiers killed by Afghan forces"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-attack/three-foreign-soldiers-killed-by-afghan-forces-idUKBRE82P09520120327). *Reuters*. [^17]: Long, Austin (2013). ["'Green on Blue': Insider Attacks in Afghanistan"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262891716). *Survival*. **55** (3). Routledge: 167– 182. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1080/00396338.2013.802860](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00396338.2013.802860). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [154338272](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154338272). [^18]: [*What Is A 'Green-On-Blue' Attack? Killing Of US Major General Harold Greene Is Just Third Insider Attack In 2014*](https://www.ibtimes.com/what-green-blue-attack-killing-us-major-general-harold-greene-just-third-insider-attack-1649920) [^19]: [*Afghan forces open fire on NATO advisors at base in Herat*](https://thedefensepost.com/2019/01/02/afghanistan-guards-open-fire-nato-advisors-herat/) [^20]: Andrew Tilghman (August 14, 2012). ["Inside-the-wire attacks double in Afghanistan"](http://www.armytimes.com/news/2012/08/military-inside-the-wire-attacks-double-in-afghanistan-081412). *Army Times*. Retrieved August 16, 2012.`{{[cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news "Template:Cite news")}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service")) [^21]: [Two Americans Killed by Afghan Recruit](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/18/world/asia/two-americans-killed-by-afghan-recruit-in-green-on-blue-assault.html), *New York Times*. August 17, 2012. [^22]: Barbara Starr; Holly Yan (September 18, 2012). ["NATO restricts Afghan operations after 'green-on-blue' killings, anti-Islam film"](https://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/18/world/asia/afghanistan-operations-halt/index.html). CNN. Retrieved December 8, 2015. [^23]: ["Brutality by Afghan Local Police Is Reported"](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/13/world/asia/13afghanistan.html). *The New York Times*. September 13, 2011. Retrieved December 8, 2015. [^24]: ["Green-on-blue attacks in Afghanistan: the data"](http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/08/green-on-blue_attack.php). *The Long War Journal*. August 23, 2012. Retrieved December 8, 2015. [^25]: Regan, G. (2004). *More Military Blunders*. Carlton Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-84442-710-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84442-710-2 "Special:BookSources/1-84442-710-2"). [^26]: Lindqvist, Herman (November 29, 2009). ["Karl XII:s död ger inte forskarna någon ro"](https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/kolumnister/hermanlindqvist/article12156251.ab?partner=www). *Aftonbladet*. [^27]: William Forbes Leith (1909), *Memoirs of Scottish Catholics during the XVIIth and XVIIIth Centuries. Volume II From Commonwealth to Emancipation*, [Longman, Green, and Co.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longman,_Green,_and_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1 "Longman, Green, and Co. (page does not exist)") 39 [Paternoster Row](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternoster_Row "Paternoster Row"), London. pp. 336-337. [^28]: Higginbotham, Don (1961). *Daniel Morgan: Revolutionary Rifleman.* University of North Carolina Press, p. 75. [^29]: Woodworth, Stephen (1990). [*Jefferson Davis and His Generals*](https://archive.org/details/jeffersondavishi00wood). University Press of Kansas. p. [92](https://archive.org/details/jeffersondavishi00wood/page/92). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-7006-0567-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0567-3 "Special:BookSources/0-7006-0567-3"). [^30]: Paine, S.C.M. (2003). *The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perception, Power, and Primacy,* Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–189. [^31]: 福島徳 (June 14, 2023). ["４０年前にも山口の駐屯地で自衛官が銃乱射"](https://www.sankei.com/article/20230614-2AKATIJL5FBZPOEIX3BQ4AKN2Q/). *[産経ニュース](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%A3%E7%B5%8C%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E "産経新聞")* (in Japanese). [株式会社産業経済新聞社](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%A3%E6%A5%AD%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1 "産業経済新聞社 (page does not exist)"). Retrieved June 14, 2023. [^32]: [tysテレビ山口](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3 "テレビ山口") (June 14, 2023). ["自衛官による銃乱射・40年前に山口でも･･･64式小銃乱射 4人を死傷させ山中に逃走"](https://newsdig.tbs.co.jp/articles/-/542361?display=1). *[TBS NEWS DIG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBS_NEWS_DIG "TBS NEWS DIG")* (in Japanese). [TBS・JNN NEWS DIG合同会社](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBS_NEWS_DIG "TBS NEWS DIG"). Retrieved June 14, 2023. [^33]: *New York Times*: [David France, "An Inconvenient Woman," May 28, 2000](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9902E5DB1E3AF93BA15756C0A9669C8B63), accessed March 12, 2012 [^34]: Kenber, Billy (August 28, 2013). ["Nidal Hasan sentenced to death for Fort Hood shooting rampage"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nidal-hasan-sentenced-to-death-for-fort-hood-shooting-rampage/2013/08/28/aad28de2-0ffa-11e3-bdf6-e4fc677d94a1_story.html). *The Washington Post*. [^35]: Neef, Christian (January 17, 2013). ["Suspicious Massacre and Airplane Crash Fuel Mistrust in Kazakhstan"](https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/suspicious-massacre-and-airplane-crash-fuel-mistrust-in-kazakhstan-a-877624.html). *Der Spiegel*. Retrieved March 2, 2024. [^36]: ["12 Victims Killed, 8 Wounded in Shooting at D.C. Navy Yard, Suspected Gunman Killed"](http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Confirmed-Shooter-at-Navy-Yard-One-Person-Shot-223897891.html). NBC Washington. September 17, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013. [^37]: Saad, Reem; Akour, Omar (July 17, 2017). ["Jordanian soldier sentenced to life for killing 3 US troops"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170717235136/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/jordanian-soldier-convicted-killing-american-troops-48675771). ABC News. AP News. Archived from [the original](https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/jordanian-soldier-convicted-killing-american-troops-48675771) on July 17, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017. [^38]: ["Russian soldier kills 8 colleagues in mass shooting at Siberian military base"](https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/25/europe/russian-soldier-mass-shooting-siberia-intl/index.html). CNN. October 25, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2024. [^39]: ["Volunteer soldiers opened fire on other troops during training in Russia"](https://www.npr.org/2022/10/15/1129321544/russia-soldiers-shooting-training-belgorod). *NPR*. Associated Press. October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022. [^40]: ["Russia military range shooting leaves 11 dead, 15 wounded"](https://apnews.com/article/russia-military-range-shooting-volunteer-soldiers-attack-8dbb8c55dbdd4f10f1042ab7f045dff0). *AP NEWS*. October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022. [^41]: [NHK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK "NHK") (June 14, 2023). ["【速報中】陸自射撃場発砲事件 2人死亡 18歳自衛官候補生逮捕 | NHK"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230614020103/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20230614/k10014098731000.html). *NHKニュース*. Archived from [the original](https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20230614/k10014098731000.html) on June 14, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023. [^42]: ["Army Will Review Soldier's WWII Execution"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-03-29-me-272-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. March 29, 1988. Retrieved December 10, 2025. [^43]: MacLean, French L. *The Fifth Field: The Story of the 96 American Soldiers Sentenced to Death and Executed in Europe and North Africa in World War II*:, Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2013. Pages 186-188. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0764345777](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0764345777 "Special:BookSources/978-0764345777"). [^44]: ["Colonel Robert Heinl: The Collapse of the Armed Forces (1971)"](https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/robert-heinl-collapse-armed-forces-1971/). *Alpha History*. [^45]: Hamilton Gregory (May 25, 2018). ["Murder in Vietnam"](https://www.historynet.com/murder-in-vietnam.htm). *HistoryNet*. Retrieved June 2, 2021. [^46]: ["The Wall of Faces"](https://www.vvmf.org/wall-of-faces-profile/). *Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund*. Retrieved January 27, 2021. [^47]: ["Private guilty of murder, life sentence"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19700116&id=ddtUAAAAIBAJ&pg=3683,2502432). *The Age*. Retrieved August 28, 2017 – via Google News. [^48]: ["Psychiatrist says soldier 'paranoid'"](http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110458262). *Canberra Times*. February 27, 1971. p. 7. Retrieved January 27, 2021. [^49]: ["PTE Ferriday Murders"](https://web.archive.org/web/20030319093911/http://home.iprimus.com.au/buckomp/FerridayMurdersWebdoc.htm). *home.iprimus.com.au*. Archived from [the original](http://home.iprimus.com.au/buckomp/FerridayMurdersWebdoc.htm) on March 19, 2003. Retrieved August 28, 2017. [^50]: ["Michael McAleavey released after 27 years"](https://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0318/128916-mcaleavym/). *[RTÉ.ie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89.ie "RTÉ.ie")*. March 18, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2017. 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Retrieved April 19, 2012. [^59]: ["Afghan soldier 'killed French troops over US abuse video'"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/9030919/Afghan-soldier-killed-French-troops-over-US-abuse-video.html). *The Telegraph*. London. January 22, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2012. [^60]: Erlanger, Steven; Rubin, Alissa J. (January 20, 2012). ["France Weighs Pullout After 4 of Its Soldiers Are Killed"](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/21/world/europe/sarkozy-weighs-afghan-withdrawal-after-4-french-troops-killed.html?pagewanted=all). *New York Times*. Retrieved February 26, 2012. [^61]: Shalizi, Hamid (August 17, 2014). ["Soldier who killed U.S. general spent three years in Afghan army"](https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-afghanistan-attacks/soldier-who-killed-u-s-general-spent-three-years-in-afghan-army-idUKKBN0G61SL20140806). *Reuters*. [^62]: Ali M. Latifi (August 6, 2014). 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[^79]: ["The court handed down a sentence to a strike soldier who shot dead the National Guard in Dnieper in 2022"](https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2024/04/23/7452534/). *[Ukrainska Pravda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda "Ukrainska Pravda")* (in Ukrainian). April 23, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024. [^80]: [Российский военный переехал на танке своего командира в отместку за гибель товарищей в боях под Киевом](https://antikor.com.ua/articles/532047-rossijskij_voennyj_pereehal_na_tanke_svoego_komandira_v_otmestku_za_gibelj_tovarishchej_v_bojah_pod_kievom) [^81]: Lonas, Lexi (March 25, 2022). ["Russian troops attack own commanding officer after suffering heavy losses"](https://thehill.com/policy/international/599792-russian-troops-attack-own-commanding-officer-after-suffering-heavy). *The Hill*.